The combined effects of buoyancy, rotation, and shear on phase boundary evolution

We use well-resolved numerical simulations to study the combined effects of buoyancy, pressure-driven shear and rotation on melt rate morphology a layer pure solid overlying its liquid phase in three dimensions at Rayleigh number $Ra=1.25\times 10^5$ . During thermal convection, we find that melting varies non-monotonically with strength imposed flow. In absence rotation, depending whether buoyancy or dominates flow, observe either domes ridges aligned direction respectively. Furthermore, show geometry boundary has important magnitude evolution heat flux layer. presence which is characterized by Rossby number, $Ro$ , for $Ro={O}(1)$ mean flow interior perpendicular constant horizontal applied pressure gradient. As this gradient increases, solid–liquid interface evolves from voids characteristic rotating grooves oriented obliquely